Role of vitamin B12 in anemia
Vitamin B12 is significant for many bodily functions, particularly in the production of red blood cells and the maintenance of nerve cells. When your body lacks sufficient Vitamin B12, it can lead to megaloblastic anaemia, a condition that happens due to the production of abnormally large and immature red blood cells that don’t function properly. This deficiency is widespread, particularly in certain populations, and can have severe health implications if left untreated.
What are the causes of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Several factors can contribute to Vitamin B12 deficiency. According to research published in the Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, around 47% of the population in North India suffers from Vitamin B12 deficiency. Certain groups, such as people with diabetes or those following a strict vegetarian diet, are at higher risk. Below are some of the most common causes:
- Dietary insufficiency: Vitamin B12 is found primarily in animal products such as meat, eggs, and dairy. People who follow a vegetarian or vegan diet may not get enough B12 from their diet alone, leading to a deficiency.
- Malabsorption issues: Conditions like Crohn’s disease or celiac disease can interfere with the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the intestines. Certain surgeries that remove parts of the stomach or intestines can also hinder Vitamin B12 absorption.
- Pernicious anaemia: This autoimmune condition occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the cells in the stomach that produce a protein called intrinsic factor, which is necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption.
- Medications: Some medications, such as metformin (commonly used for diabetes) and certain acid-reducing drugs, can affect the absorption of Vitamin B12.
- Ageing: As people age, their ability to absorb Vitamin B12 decreases, making older adults more susceptible to deficiency.
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What are the symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Vitamin B12 deficiency can manifest in various symptoms, some of which can be severe if left untreated. According to the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, common symptoms include:
- Tingling or numbness: A lack of Vitamin B12 can cause nerve damage, leading to tingling sensations in the hands and feet.
- Difficulty walking: Nerve damage can also affect coordination and balance, making it challenging to walk.
- Cognitive impairments: Vitamin B12 deficiency may lead to confusion, slower thinking, forgetfulness, and memory loss.
- Mood changes: Some individuals may experience depression, irritability, or other mood changes due to low Vitamin B12 levels.
- Vision problems: A deficiency can damage the optic nerve, leading to vision disturbances.
- Digestive issues: Symptoms like diarrhoea, weight loss, and glossitis (a painful, smooth, red tongue) are also associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency.
How to diagnose and treat vitamin B12 deficiency?
Early diagnosis and treatment of Vitamin B12 deficiency are crucial to preventing long-term damage. Doctors typically diagnose the condition through blood tests that measure Vitamin B12 levels.
- Dietary changes: The first line of treatment often involves increasing the intake of Vitamin B12-rich foods. This includes animal products like meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy. For vegetarians and vegans, fortified foods such as plant-based milk or breakfast cereals can be good
sources of Vitamin B12 . - Vitamin B12 supplements: Oral supplements or injections can help replenish Vitamin B12 levels, especially in cases where diet alone is insufficient or when absorption issues are present. The Johns Hopkins Medicine recommends that individuals at risk of deficiency, including older adults and those with gastrointestinal issues, take Vitamin B12 supplements under the guidance of a healthcare provider.
- Treating underlying conditions: If the deficiency is due to an underlying condition such as pernicious anaemia or Crohn’s disease, treating the condition is essential for managing Vitamin B12 levels. This may involve specific medications or therapies aimed at improving absorption or reducing inflammation.
What is the importance of vitamin B12 in daily diet?
The recommended daily intake of Vitamin B12 varies by age, gender, and life stage, but for most adults, it is about 2.4 micrograms. Since the body does not produce Vitamin B12 on its own, it must be obtained through diet or supplements. Here are some foods rich in Vitamin B12:
- Animal liver and kidneys: These are among the richest sources of Vitamin B12. For example, 100 grams of lamb liver can provide about 85 micrograms of Vitamin B12, which is well above the recommended daily intake.
- Fish: Fish is an excellent source of Vitamin B12. Sardines (Tarli), contain about 8.9 micrograms of Vitamin B12 per 100 grams.
- Meat: Chicken and mutton, is a good source of Vitamin B12. A 100-gram serving of chicken can provide about 0.3 micrograms, while the same amount of mutton offers approximately 2.7 micrograms of Vitamin B12.
- Dairy products: Dairy is an essential part of the diet and a valuable source of Vitamin B12. A glass of milk (250 ml) contains about 1 microgram of Vitamin B12, while 100 grams of paneer offers around 1.5 micrograms.