Canadian rail lockout leaves billions in U.S. trade stranded

The highly integrated trade relationship between the Canadian and U.S. economies has left billions worth of cargo in limbo after over 9,000 freight rail workers represented by the Teamsters Canada union were locked out by Canadian National Railway and Canadian Pacific Kansas City after months of failing negotiations.

Rail cross-border trade with the U.S. is at a standstill, which according to the U.S. Department of Transportation, accounted for 14% of total bilateral trade of $382.4 billion between the countries for the first half of the year. Approximately $572 million in container trade arrives daily in the U.S. from Canada, according to U.S. Census data.

Rails are a large component of logistics for companies, from Dow Chemical to automakers in Detroit like Ford and General Motors, which use the rails to transport auto parts. Retailers such as Walmart, Target, Nike, Procter & Gamble and Canada Goose also import some of their goods into Canadian ports which are then transported by rail and truck. According to Everstream Analytics, 66% of cargo arriving at the Port of Vancouver is moved by rail to final destinations in Canada or in the U.S. Midwest, which includes fertilizer, iron ore, grain, cement, salt, potash, coal, cars, wood/timber as well as containers loaded with consumer goods or intermediate parts.

American Apparel & Footwear Association President and CEO Steve Lamar urged the representatives of the unions and management to return to the negotiating table until a long-term deal is reached.

“Rail is an essential part of the ecosystem that helps you get dressed every day,” said Lamar. “A work stoppage/lockout at Canadian National and a strike at Canadian Pacific Kansas City comes at a critical time for back-to-school and just at the start of the holiday inventory rush. Approximately 30% of clothes, shoes, and accessories move by rail. Keeping goods moving supports not only the rail jobs at issue, but also the jobs of millions of other workers up and down our supply chains.”

Jim Vena, CEO of Union Pacific, wrote in a letter to Canadian Labor Minister Steve MacKinnon that upwards of 2,500 of his railroad’s cars could be stuck in Canada. “For every one day of disruption, you can expect at least 3-5 days of recovery — perhaps even more, given two Canadian railways are impacted.”

Ocean carriers and U.S. rail companies announced contingency plans and fees ahead of the lockouts, including Hapag-Lloyd, which added a $350 per Bill of Lading diversion fee for imports to North America that were slated for Canadian ports with inland U.S. delivery. Maersk and Norfolk Southern adjusted their business plans ahead of a potential strike. CMA CGM issued a notice breaking out the potential rerouting of vessels to U.S. ports and restrictions on rail shipments. Companies also started embargoes across their networks on specific intermodal shipments, including hazardous materials and temperature-controlled containers.

According to Rob McRae, vice president of transportation for Univar Solutions, the largest chemical and ingredient distributor in North America, the U.S. exported $28.5 billion of chemical exports to Canada in 2023, accounting for 17.4% of total U.S. chemical exports.

“These types of disruptions have massive downstream impacts to our supply chain,” said McRae. “With Canada ranked No. 1 for U.S. exports and with the U.S. importing $24.3 billion of chemical imports from Canada on an annual basis, we look to both sides to come to an agreement soon and not allow this strike to negatively impact not only our industry, but our country.”

Chemicals caught up in the rail battle include sulfuric acid, which is used in drain cleaning products, phosphates used in laundry detergent, and acetone, which is used in the nail industry and as a solvent that breaks down grease and wax. Sodium fluoride, found in toothpaste, and sodium bicarbonate, also known as baking soda, come through the West Coast ports of Canada and are then transported via rail. Additional products transported into the U.S. include paint, food, power drinks, water purification, and personal care products.

Paul Brashier, vice president of global supply chain at ITS Logistics, warned of higher trucking rates as customers look to move their rail-bound freight by road.

“Operations will grind to a halt and everything will have to move to the road for both domestic and international containerized freight,” Brashier said. “This demand can drive rates through the roof.”

Logistics experts tell CNBC they are still hopeful of a quick settlement, either through a negotiated contract settlement, or Canadian government intervention (such as action by Parliament). 

“I want to specify the decision to stop the operation, the decision to take hostage the economy, and the exporters and the farmers and everybody, It’s not our decision,” Francois Laporte, president of the Teamsters Canada, told CNBC. “It’s the decision of the railway company. They are the one who must bear the consequences of their decision.”

Laporte said the union is waiting for calls from the railroads to restart talks. “The discussions can start anytime. We’re just waiting for the call, and it’s a matter of the employers and both parties to go back to the bargaining table,” he said.

In a statement announcing the lockout, Canadian National said without an agreement or binding arbitration, it had no choice but to finalize a safe and orderly shutdown and proceed with a lockout. “Over the last nine months, CN has negotiated in good faith. The Company consistently proposed serious offers, with better pay, improved rest, and more predictable schedules. The Teamsters have not shown any urgency or desire to reach a deal that is good for employees, the company and the economy.”

A Canadian Pacific Kansas City spokesman told CNBC it has reiterated a standing offer to resolve the matter through binding arbitration.

Laporte told CNBC that arbitration is not the solution. “The reality is that companies must take responsibility, like we do, and negotiate in good faith. We don’t believe that a third-party must determine the working conditions of 9,000 people, so let’s go back to the bargaining table. … They are probably graduates from the Trump University because they lie like they breathe.”

“CN remains at the table, attempting to reach an agreement that benefits our employees, customers, and the North American economy. We put an offer to the union last night and are waiting to hear back,” a CN spokeswoman said in a statement to CNBC. “While our operations within the U.S. remain unaffected, cross-border trains are safely parked and will be ready to move once operations in Canada resume.”

The length of rail worker shifts, and the rest periods granted to workers between shifts, are sticking points in the talks.

“Want to keep in our collective agreement the language that protects our members, that protects their working hours, their rest period,” Laporte said. “They decided, 24 hours after we met with the [labor] minister two weeks ago, to call for lockout, and they decided it’s going to be August 22, so how can you pretend that you want to negotiate in good faith?” he said.

Paul Bingham, director of transportation consulting at S&P Global Market Intelligence said a disruption of a day or two would have a minimal lasting impact on the economy, while a disruption extending beyond that will tend to increase in impact every day due primarily to the increasing amount of time after the disruption is over for the transportation system and supply chains to recover. “As backlogs grow at production and rail network interchange locations, it will take longer and longer to work through the backlogs, which takes time and increases the costs,” Bingham said.

Data reflected a limited number of front loading of energy and chemicals.

Companies felt the supply chain pinch last summer when the ILWU Canada labor union went on a 13-day strike which impacted Canadian rail service. The Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters Association estimated last year that the port strike disrupted $380 million a day in trade, and logistics experts are warning the dual rail strike could be even more devastating for the Canadian economy.

Around $277 billion worth of goods are moving annually on the Canada’s railways, and 75% of all exports are moved into the U.S via CN and CPKC. The Canadian rails connect the pivotal U.S. hubs of Chicago, New Orleans, Minneapolis, and Memphis.

Last year’s strikes at the Canadian West Coast ports slammed rail freight and it took months for the backlog to be eliminated.